Composition of saliva
Saliva is a fluid (pH 6-7) a clear, slightly acidic.
Inorganic components
The most abundant component in the saliva is water (about 99%), followed by the ions Na +, Cl - Ca 2 +, K +, HCO 3 -, H 2 PO 4 -, F -, I -, Mg 2 +, thiocyanate. Ionic composition of saliva, which is different from plasma derived from it though. [9]. Hypotonicity facilitate the sensitivity of taste and hydrates of organic compounds that form a protective layer on the oral mucosa. Resultant bicarbonate serves as a buffering agent and calcium and phosphate to neutralize the acid that would otherwise jeopardize the integrity of the tooth mineral.
Organic components
Saliva includes a large number of organic compounds such as urea, ammonia, uric acid, glucose, cholesterol, fatty acids, mono-, di-, and triglycerides, phosphorus and neutral lipids, glycolipids, amino acids, steroid hormones and proteins that assist in the protection the oral tissues, including mucins, amylases, agglutinins, glycoproteins, lysozymes, peroxidase, lactoferrin and secretory IgA Non-immune factors. include lactoferrin, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, histatins, cystatins, G1 and G2 mucin, and defensins In addition, macromolecules forming viscoelastic mucous coat and tooth enamel pellicle and aggregate and clean up the bacteria and debris from the oral cavity Saliva contains a variety of antimicrobial .. constituents and growth factors .
There is a strong relationship, constituent functions of saliva and some salivary proteins participate in more than one function. The function of saliva are: digestion, mastication and deglutition, protector (an antifungal agent, antibacterial, antiviral activity, lubricating and buffering), defense (spiting and oxidative stress), drug testing, water balance, excretion, speaking, denture retention, tasting, chemical communication (or saliva kissing babies is a pleasant sight for the parent)]. This may be surprising for most people to learn saliva that has been used in diagnostics for more than two thousand years. Ancient doctors of traditional Chinese medicine have concluded that saliva and blood are 'brothers' in the body and they come from the same origin. It is believed that the changes in saliva are indicative of the patient's health. Saliva offers some distinctive advantages : the smaller the sample aliquot, the possibility of a dynamic study, greater sensitivity, non-invasive collection procedures, stress free and easy, good cooperation with the patient , the likelihood for a collection somewhere, anywhere, no special equipment and not a trained technician is required for the collection, correlation with the levels in the blood, a potentially valuable for children and older adults, is more accurate than blood for detection of oral and systemic diseases are many, may provide cost-effective approach for screening large populations, can eliminate the potential risk of contracting infectious diseases for both technicians and patients. Advances in the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has been influenced by developments in technology today: the enzyme-linked fluorescence technique, Western blot test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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