Saliva : Oral Diseases , Oral Health

 Salivasaliva :   Evaluation of the entire quantity of saliva is simple and can provide information, which has systemic relevance]. Quantitative changes in saliva may be due to drugs (at least 400 medications can cause xerostomia. Diuretics, antihypertensives, antipsychotics, antihistamines, antidepressants, anticholinergics, antineoplastics, amphetamines, barbiturates, hallucinogens, marijuana, and alcohol has been associated with decreased salivary flow and can cause problems such as progressive dental caries, fungal infections, oral pain, and dysphagia.

Qualitative changes in saliva composition may also provide diagnostic information about dental problems: increased levels of albumin in whole saliva detected in patients receiving chemotherapy as a treatment for cancer and then developed stomatitis, reduced salivary EGF levels may be important for the development of radiation mucositis, a deeper level high salivary nitrate and

nitrite, and nitrate reductase activity increased, was found in oral cancer patients compared with healthy individuals, and is associated with increased odds ratio for oral cancer risk. Saliva is also very suitable for monitoring the oral bacteria that can survive in saliva, and can utilize saliva as the growth medium constituents, for example, an increasing number of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli in saliva is associated with increased prevalence of caries and the presence of root caries, detection of species certain bacteria in saliva may reflect their presence in dental plaque and periodontal pockets . Changes in components of saliva can also be used for periodontal diagnosis Recent studies have focused on the potential role of periodontal disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease as a possible link with the metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress .

Uric acid levels were significantly lower in the saliva of heavy smokers, oral cancer, periodontitis and diabetes patients with periodontitis, giving emphasis to oxidative stress in the oral cavity. A lower level of albumin found in saliva and periodontal disease in diabetic patients, possibly due to oxidative stress in the oral cavity.

Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was significantly lower in periodontal disease, diabetics, smokers, and oral cancer. When exposed to cigarette smoke, saliva loses the TAC and a strong prooxidant environment. Salivary peroxidase were lower in smokers, most likely because the cyanide ion is present in cigarette smoke, a very powerful inhibitor of the end of the peroxidase and in saliva of patients with oral cancer. The results showed that exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) caused a statistically significant decrease in salivary gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) caused by oxidative stress. Salivary aspartate aminotransferase (AST), phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline (ALP) is a marker of periodontitis.

In Alzheimer's disease (AD) - Salivary AChE activity may prove to be a useful marker of AD-related changes in central cholinergic activity and patient response to treatment with AChE inhibitors [1]. Bone Turnover Markers in Saliva Saliva can be a valuable tool for assessing human bone turnover markers and have a great impact on dental implants and osteoporosis.? Further research is needed to determine whether the levels of salivary markers of bone turnover correlated with serum and / or actions urine .

National Initiative for Diagnostic salivary today. From 2001 to 2004, the National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research to invest 52 million dollars in salivary diagnostics research to spearhead the development of technology to simultaneously detect almost any analyte in saliva and comprehensively identify all the proteins in saliva. Saliva Testing in the Era of Genomic Medicine-As we enter the era of genomic medicine so that salivary diagnostics will play an increasingly important role in early detection of disease, monitoring disease progression, and evaluation of the behavior of patients, including medication adherence and lifestyle choices. However, about sialochemistry in the twentieth century is perhaps the best conclusion in the title of reviews written by Irwin Mandel, "The diagnosis of salivary: Promises, Promises" or the name of a guest editorial by Daniel Malamud in the Journal of the American Dental Association in 2006: "Salivary diagnostics . The future is now " We tend to see increased use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid and as a result, the dentist will have a greater involvement in the identification and monitoring of certain non-oral disorders.